Addiction Archives - Recovery Capital Conference

The Science of Recovery Capital

Recovery Capital is the breadth and depth of internal and external resources that can be drawn upon to initiate and sustain recovery1,2. Attention to Recovery Capital focuses on fostering resiliency and encompasses the strengths and supports individuals and services integrate into the practice of lived recovery. It is linked to natural (unassisted) recovery, solution-focused therapy, strengths-based case management, recovery resilience and protective factors, and the ideas of hardiness, wellness, and global health3.

Recovery Capital is not a fixed value, it diminishes during active addiction and increases during sustained recovery. Recovery Capital may be grouped into four categories – internal: human and physical; and external: social and cultural.

Human and Physical – includes housing, employment, nutrition, education, personal resources, mental, spiritual and emotional health, knowledge, coping, well being, mindfulness, physical fitness, financial responsibility

Social and Cultural – encompasses community attitudes and recovery supports; policymaker knowledge and policies and resources related to recovery; active efforts to reduce stigma; visible and diverse recovery role models, accessible sources of sustained recovery supports, recovery peer resources and early intervention; beliefs, sense of personal choice social integration, connection to purpose; availability of multiple pathways to recovery, community assets, Recovery-focused systems of care.

Recovery Capital interacts with problem severity to shape the intensity and duration of support needed to initiate and sustain recovery. Re-evaluation of Recovery Capital during the recovery journey may be used to determine the quality and even duration of successful sustained recovery from addiction.

At the core of Recovery Capital is the ideas of social capital –strong therapeutic landscapes, emotional intelligence and the pivotal experience of a sense of belonging. All of which can support recovery if recovery networks are not stigmatized. Recovery Capital has four overlapping dimensions – personal, social, community and cultural capital. The Recovery Capital Conference goals are to explore the components of community and cultural Recovery Capital by fostering dialogue and mobilizing strategic focuses to effectively impact and improve individual and community Recovery Capital.

The quality and quantity of Recovery Capital determine the success or failure of natural and assisted long term recovery^1,4,5,6. Recovery Capital is not equally distributed, resources made available are vast and varied, and elements of Recovery Capital vary in importance within stages of recovery7. Recovery-oriented systems of care from the policy level to the grassroots front-line efforts can either augment or nullify the quality and quantity of Recovery Capital for individuals seeking our help8. As such, Recovery Capital must involve more than short term clinical and medical interventions

Enhanced attention to Recovery Capital is a shift in focus from the pathology of addiction to a focus on the assets required to initiate and sustain long-term recovery³. The international recovery day movement is a key example of this. It has increased the visibility of therapeutic landscapes, decreased ignorance towards the possibility of recovery and reduced social exclusion and discrimination9,10.

Building and sustaining Recovery Capital within systems of care is a complex undertaking. Stronger Connections = Stronger communities can enhance people’s quality of life in long-term recovery and reduce the social stigma of recovery11

Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (1999). Coming clean: Overcoming addiction without treatment. New York: New York University Press.
Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (2004). A life-course perspective on exiting addiction: The relevance of Recovery Capital in treatment. NAD Publication (Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research) 44, 185202.
White, W. & Cloud, W. (2008). Recovery Capital: A primer for addictions professionals. Counsellor, 9(5), 22-27.
Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (1996). The elephant that no one sees: Natural recovery among middle-class addicts. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(1), 45-61.
Kaskutas, L. A., Bond, J., & Humphreys, K. (2002). Social networks as mediators of the effects of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction, 97(7), 891-900.
Moos, R.H., & Moos, B.S. (2007). Protective resources and long-term recovery from alcohol use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86, 46-54.
Laudet, A. B., & White, W. L. (2008). Recovery Capital as Prospective Predictor of Sustained Recovery, Life satisfaction and Stress among former poly-substance users. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(1), 27–54. http://doi.org/10.1080/10826080701681473
Dingle, Cruwys, & Frings (2015) Social Identities as Pathways into and out of Addiction. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1795
Wilton, R. and DeVerteuil, G. 2006: Spaces of sobriety/sites of power: examining social model alcohol recovery programs as therapeutic landscapes. Social Science and Medicine 63, 649-61
Best, D., Lubman, D., Savic, M., Wilson, A., Dingle, G., Haslam, S. A., et al. (2014). Social and transitional identity: exploring social networks and their significance in a therapeutic community setting. Ther. Communities 35, 10–20. doi: 10.1108/TC-04-2013-0007
Best, D. (2015). An unlikely hero? Challenging stigma through visibility and community action.

Further publications pertaining to Recovery Capital may be found here:

Recovery Capital Bibliography

From William L. White Recovery Research Bibliography

Albertson, K., Irving, J. & Best. D. (2015). A social capital approach to assisting veterans through recovery and distance transitions in civilian life. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 54(4), 384-396.

Almedon, A. (2005) Social capital and mental health: An interdisciplinary review of primary evidence, Social Science and Medicine, 61, 943-964.

Bathish, R., Best, D., Savic, M. & Lubman, D. (2017). “Is it me or should friends take credit?” The role of social networks in recovery from addiction. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 47(1), 35-46.

Beckwith. M., Best, D., Savic, M….& Lubman, D. I. (2019). Social identity mapping in addiction recovery (SIM-AR): extension and application of a visual method. Addiction Research and Theory, January, DOI: 10.1080/16 066359.2018.1544623

Beattie, M. C. (2001). Meta-analysis of social relationships and posttreatment drinking outcomes: Comparison of relationship structure, function and quality. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 62(4), 518–527.

Beattie, M.C., & Longabaugh, R. (1999). General and alcohol-specific social support following treatment. Addictive Behaviors, 593–606.

Bergman, B.G., Kelly, N., Hoeppner, B.B., & Kelly, J.F. (2017). Digital recovery management: Characterizing recovery-specific social network site participation and perceived benefit. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 31(4). DOI: 10.1037.adb0000255.

Best, D., Andersson, C., Irving, J. and Edwards, M. (2017). Recovery Identity and Wellbeing: Is It Better to be ‘Recovered ‘or ‘in Recovery’? Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 12(1), 27-36.

Best, D. & Aston, E.. (2015). Long-term recovery from addiction: criminal justice involvement and positive criminology.” Pp. 177-193 in Positive Criminology, edited by Natti Ronel and Dana Segev. New York: Routledge.

Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E. and Lubman, D.I. (2016). Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: The Social Identity Model of Recovery (SIMOR). Addiction Research & Theory, 24(2), 111-123.

Best, D., Beswick, T., Hodgkins, S. & Idle, M. (2016). Recovery, ambitions, and aspirations: An exploratory project to build a recovery community by generating a skilled recovery workforce. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(1), 3-14.

Best, D., Bird, K., & Hunton, L. (2015). Recovery as a social phenomenon: What is the role of the community in supporting and enabling recovery? In N. Ronel, & D. Segev (Eds.), Positive criminology (pp. 194-207). Abingdon, England: Routledge.

Best, D. & Coleman, C. (2018). Let’s celebrate recovery inclusive cities working together to support social cohesion. Addiction Research & Theory.

Best, D., Edwards, M., Cano, I., Durrance, J., Lehman, J. & White, W. (in press). Strengths planning for guiding recovery capital. Counselor.

Best, D., Edwards, M., Mama-Rudd, A, Cano, I., & Lehman, J. (2016). Measuring an individual’s recovery barriers and strengths. Addiction Professional. November 1, 2016. Accessed January 16, 2019 at https://www.addictionpro.com/article/special-populations/measuring-individuals-recovery-barriers-and-strengths?page=3

Best, D., Gow, J., Knox, T., Taylor, A., Groshkova, T., & White, W. (2011). Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its predictors. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(3), 334-441.

Best, D., Gow, J., Knox, T., Taylor, A., Groshkova, T., & White, W. (2012). Mapping the recovery stories of drinkers and drug users in Glasgow: Quality of life and its associations with measures of recovery capital. Drug & Alcohol Review, 31(3), 334-341. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-3362.2011.00321.x

Best, D. Gow, J., Knox, T., Taylor, & White, W. (2011). Recovery from heroin or alcohol dependence: A qualitative account of the recovery experience in Glasgow. Journal of Drug Issues, 41(3), 359-377.

Best, D., Haslam, C. Staiger, P. K., […]Lubman, D. I. (2016). Social Networks and Recovery (SONAR): characteristics of a longitudinal outcome study in five therapeutic communities in Australia. Therapeutic Communities: the International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations, 37(3), 131-139.

Best, D., Honor, S. Karpusheff, J., Loudon, L. Hall, R., Groshkova, T., & White, W. (2012). Well-being and recovery functioning among substance users engaged in post-treatment recovery support groups. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 30, 397-406.

Best, D., Irving, J. Collinson, B., Andersson, C. & Edwards, M. (2016). Recovery networks and community connections: Identifying connection needs and community linkage opportunities in early recovery populations, Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 35(1), 2-15. DOI: 10.1080/07 347324.2016.1256718

Best, D., & Laudet, A. (2010). The potential of recovery capital. RSA Projects. Royal Society for the Arts.

Best, D., & Lubman, D. (2016). Friends matter but so does their substance use: The impact of social networks on substance use, offending and wellbeing among young people attending specialist alcohol and drug treatment services, Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, Advance online publication. doi:10.3109/09 687637.2016.1149148

Best, D., Lubman, I., Savic, M., Wilson, A., Dingle, G., Alexander Haslam S., & Jetten, J. (2014). Social and transitional identity: exploring social networks and their significance in a therapeutic community setting. Therapeutic Communities, 35, 10–20.

Best, D., McKitterick, T., Beswick, T., & Savic, M. (2015). Recovery capital and social networks among people in treatment and in recovery in York, England. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 33(3), 270-282.

Best, D., Musgrove, A., & Hall, L. (2018). The bridge between social identity and community capital on the path to recovery and desistance. Probation Journal, July, DOI: 10.1177/026455 0518790677. https://doi.org/10.1177/0264550518790677

Best, D., Savic, M., Beckwith, M., Honor, S., Karpusheff, J., & Lubman, D. I. (2013). The role of abstinence and activity in the quality of life of drug users engaged in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(3), 273–279. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2013.02.010

Bluic, A-M., Best, D., Iqbal, M. & Upton, K. (2017). Building recovery capital through online participation in a recovery community. Social Science of Medicine. IN PRESS.

Boardman, J. D., Finch, B. K., Ellison, C. G., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001). Neighborhood disadvantage, stress, and drug use among adults. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 42(2), 151-165.

Boeri, M., Gardner, M., Gerken, E. …, & Wheeler, J. (2016). “I don’t know what fun is”: Examining the intersection of social capital, social networks, and social recovery. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 16(1), 95-105.

Boeri M, Lamonica AK, Harbry L. (2011). Social Recovery, social capital, and drug courts. Prac Anthropol, 33, 8–13.

Bradshaw, S.D., Shumway, S.T., Wang, E.W. & Harris, K. (2014). Addiction and the mediation of hope on craving, readiness, and coping. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 9(4), 294-312.

Brown, M. & Ross, S. (2010) Mentoring, social capital and desistance: A study of women released from prison. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 43(1), 31–50.

Brown, S., Tracy, E. M., Jun, M., Park, H., & Min, M. O. (2015). Personal network recovery enablers and relapse risks for women with substance dependence. Qualitative Health Research, 25(3), 371.

Brown, S., Victor, B., Hicks, L. & Tracy, E.M. (2016). Recovery support mediates the relationship between parental warmth and quality of life among women with substance use disorders. Quality of Life Research, 26(5), 1327–1335. DOI: 10.1007/s11136-016-1453-9.

Buchanan, A. S. & Latkin, C. (2008). Drug use in the social network of heroin and cocaine users before and after drug cessation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 96(3), 286–289.

Buckingham, S. A., Frings, D., & Albery, I. P. (2013). Group membership and social identity in addiction recovery. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(4), 1132-1140.

Burns, J., & Marks, D. (2013). Can recovery capital predict addiction problem severity? Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 31(3), 303. doi: 10.1080/07 347324.2013.800430

Callahan, S. & Jason, L. A. (2018). Contextual perspectives on heroin addiction and recovery: classic and contemporary theories. International Archives of Public Health and Community Medicine, 2(1), 2.009, December. DOI: 10.23937/iaphcm-2017/1710009

Callahan S., & Jason L. A. (2017). A novel approach to understanding a recovering persons’ relationship dynamics: Injection heroin users. J Addict Behav Ther.

Campbell, R., Duffy, K., Gaughan, M., & Mochrie, M. (2011). Serenity Cafe-on the road to recovery capital. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 6(1-2), 132-163. doi: 10.1080/1556035X.2011.571129

Cano, I., Best, D., Edwards, M., & Lehman, J. (2017). Recovery capital pathways: Mapping the components of recovery wellbeing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181, 11–19. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.002

Chen, G. (2018). Building recovery capital: The role of “hitting bottom” in desistance and recovery from substance abuse and crime. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 50(5), 420-429. DOI: 10.1080/02 791072.2018.1517909

Chen, G.(2006). Social support, spiritual program and addiction recovery. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol., 50, 306–323.

Cheney, A. M., Booth, B. M., Borders, T. F., & Curran, G. M. (2016). The role of social capital in African Americans’ attempt to reduce and quit cocaine use. Substance Use & Misuse, 51(6), 77-87.

Clone, S., & Dehart, D. (2014). Social support networks of incarcerated women: Types of support, sources of support, and implications for reentry. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 53(7), 503–521. https://doi.org/10.1080/10 509674.2014.944742.

Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (1994). Terminating addiction naturally: Post-addict identity and the avoidance of treatment. Clinical Sociology Review, 12(1), 159-174.

Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (2001). Natural recovery from substance dependency: Lessons for treatment providers. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 1(1), 83-104. doi: 10.1300/J160v01n01_07

Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (2004). The social process of exiting addiction: A life course perspective. In J. Blomqvist, A. Koski-Jannes, & L. Ojesjo (Eds.), Addiction and life course (pp. 185-202). Helsinki: Nordic Council on Alcohol and Drug Research.

Cloud W, Granfield R. 2004. A life course perspective on exiting addiction: The relevance of recovery capital in treatment. Publication no. 44. NAD Publication; p. 185–202.

Cloud, W., & Granfield, R. (2008). Conceptualizing recovery capital: Expansion of a theoretical construct. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(12-13), 1971-1986.

Collier, C., Hilliker, R., & Onwuegbuzie, A. (2014). Alternative peer group: A model for youth recovery. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 9(1), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1556035X.2013.836899

Collins, A. & Mccamley, A. (2018). Quality of life and better than well: a mixed method study of long-term (post five years) recovery and recovery capital. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 18(4), 217-226. https://doi.org/10.1108/DAT-11-2017-0059

Connolly, K. & Granfield, R. (2017). Building recovery capital: The role of faith-based communities in the reintegration of formerly incarcerated drug offenders. Journal of Drug Issues, March 12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022042617696916

Corrigan,P.W., Morris, S., Larson, J., et al. (2010). Self membership and social identity in addiction recovery. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 259–275.

Cunningham JA, Lin E, Ross HE,WalshGW(2000) Factors associated with untreated remissions from alcohol abuse or dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 25, 317–321.

Davey, M. A., Latkin, C. A., Hua, W., Tobin, K. E., Strathdee, S. (2007) Individual and social network factors that predict entry to drug treatment. Am J Addict. 16, 38-45.

Davis, M. I. & Jason. L. A. (2005) Sex differences in social support and self-efficacy within a recovery community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 36, 259-274.

Day, E., Copello, A.G., Karia, M. […] & Chohan, G. (2013). Social network support for individuals receiving opiate substitution treatment and its association with treatment progress. European Addiction Research, 19(4), 211-21.

Dawson, D. A., Li, T.-K., Chou, S., P., & Grant, B. F. (2009). Transitions in and out of alcohol use disorders: Their association with conditional changes in quality of life over a 3-year follow-up period. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(1), 84-92.

DeGarmo, D. S. & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018). A recovery capital and stress-buffering model for post-deployed military parents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, October. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01832

De Maeyer, J., Vanderplasschen, W. & Broekaert, E. (2009). An exploratory study on drug users’ perspectives on quality of life: More than health-related quality of life? Social Indicators Research, 90(1), 107-126.

Dingle, G. A., Cruwys, T., & Frings, D. (2015). Social identities as pathways into and out of addiction. Frontiers of Psychology, 6:1795.

Dobkin, P. L., DeAntonios, C.M., Paraherakis, A. & Gill, K. (2002). The role of social support in treatment retention and outcomes among outpatient adult substance abusers. Addiction, 97(3),347-56.

Duffy, P., & Baldwin, H. (2013). Recovery post treatment: Plans, barriers and motivators. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy. 8, 6. Retrieved on September 1, 2016 from http://www.substanceabusepolicy.com/content/8/1/6

Duwe, G. & Clark, V. (2012). The importance of social support for prisoner reentry: The effects of visitation on offender recidivism. Correction Today, 74: 2, 46-500

Eddie, D., & Kelly, J. F. (2017). How many or how much? Testing the relative influence of the number of social network risks versus the amount of time exposed to social network risks on post-treatment substance use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 175, 246-253.

Edwards, M., Soutar, J. & Best, D. (2018). Co-producing and re-connecting: a pilot study of recovery community engagement. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 18 (1), 39-50.

Ellis, B., Bernichon, T., Yu, P., Roberts, T., & Herrell, J. M. (2004). Effect of social support on substance abuse relapse in a residential treatment setting for women. Evaluation & Program Planning, 27, 213-221.

Elswick, A; Fallin-Bennett, A; Ashford, K; Werner-Wilson, R. (2018). Emerging adults and recovery capital: Barriers and facilitators to recovery. J Addict Nurs, 29(2), 78-83.

Evans, E., Li, L., Buoncristiani, S., & Hser, Y-I. (2014). Perceived neighborhood safety, recovery capital, and successful outcomes among mothers 10 years after substance abuse treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 49(11), 1491-1503.

Falkin, G. P. & Strauss, S. M. (2003). Social supporters and drug use enablers. Addictive Behaviors, 28(1),141-55.

Fat, L.N., Scholes, S. & Jivraj, S. (2017) The relationship between drinking pattern, social capital, and area-deprivation: Findings from the health survey for England. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 78(1), 20–29.

Flynn, P. M., Joe, G. W., Broome, K. M., Simpson, D. D., & Brown, B. S. (2003). Looking back on cocaine dependence: reasons for recovery. American Journal of Addiction, 12, 398-411.Folgheraiter, F., & Pasini, A. (2009). Self-help groups and social capital: New directions in welfare policies. Social Work Education, 28(3), 253-267.

Frings, D. & Albery, I.P. (2015). The social identity model of cessation maintenance: Formulation and evidence. Addictive Behaviors, 44, 35-42.

Gavriel-Fried, B. (2018). The crucial role of recovery capital in individuals with a gambling disorder. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, September.

Gavriel-Fried, B. & Lev-el, N. (2018). Mapping and conceptualizing recovery capital of recovered gamblers. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, December, DOI: 10.1037/ort0000382

Genberg, B. L., Gange, S. J., Go, V. F., Celantano, D. D., Kirk, G., Latkin, C. A., & Mehta, S. H. (2011). The effect of neighborhood deprivation and residential relocation on long-term injection cessation among injection drug users (IDUs) in Baltimore, Maryland. Addiction, 106(11), 1966-1974.

Giordano, A. L., Clarke, P. B., & Furter, R. T. (2014). Predicting substance abuse relapse: The role of social interest and social bonding. Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 35(2), 114–127. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1874.2014.00030.x.

Godley, M. D., Kahn, J. H., Dennis, M. L., Godley, S. H., & Funk, R. R. (2005). The stability and impact of environmental factors on substance use and problems after adolescent outpatient treatment for cannabis abuse or dependence. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 19(1), 62–70. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.19.1.62

Goehl, L. Nunes, E., Quitkin, F. & Hilton, I. (1993). Social networks and methadone treatment outcome: The costs and benefits of social ties. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, January.

Gomez, I. C., Best, D., Edwards, M. & Lehman, J. (2017). Recovery capital pathways: Modelling the components of recovery wellbeing. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 181:11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.002.

Gonzales, R., Hernandez, M., Douglas, S. B., & Ho Yu, C. (2015). Exploring the factor structure of a recovery assessment measure among substance-abusing youth. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 47(3), 1-10.

Gordon, A.J. & Zrull, M. (1991). Social networks and recovery: One year after inpatient treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 8(3), 143-152.

Gosling, H. (2018). Recovery Capital. A framework for the contemporary Therapeutic Community? Therapeutic Communities: the International Journal for Therapeutic and Supportive Organizations, 39(3), 129-136. DOI: 10.1108/TC-01-2018-0001

Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (1996). The elephant that no one sees: Natural recovery among middle-class addicts. Journal of Drug Issues, 26(1), 45-61.

Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (1999). Coming clean: Overcoming addiction without treatment. New York, New York: University Press.

Granfield, R., & Cloud, W. (2001). Social context and “natural recovery”: The role of social capital in the resolution of drug-associated problems. Substance Use & Misuse, 36(11), 1543-1570.

Grant, J. D., Heath, A. C., Bucholz, K. K., Madden P.A., Agrawal, A., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2007) Spousal concordance for alcohol dependence: evidence for assortative mating or spousal interaction effects? Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research, 31, 717–728.

Gregoire, T. K., & Snively, C. A. (2001). The relationship of social support and economic self-sufficiency to substance abuse outcomes in a long-term recovery program for women. Journal of Drug Education, 31, 221-237.

Groh D. R., Jason L. A., Keys C. B. (2008). Social network variables in alcoholics anonymous: a literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 430–50.

Groh, D.R., Jason, L.A., Davis, M.I., Olson, B.D., & Farrari, J.R. (2007). Friends, family, and alcohol abuse: an examination of general and alcohol-specific social support. Am J Addict. 16, 49–55.

Groshkova, T, Best, D., & White, W. (2012). Assessment of Recovery Capital, The (SARC): Properties and psychometrics of a measure of addiction recovery strengths. Drug and Alcohol Review, 32(2), 187-194.

Gueta, K., & Addad, M. (2015). A house of cards: the long-term recovery experience of former drug-dependent Israeli women. Women’s Stud Int Forum, 48, 18–28.

Hahm, H. C., Kolaczyk, E., Jang, J., Swenson, T. & Bhindarwala, A. M. (2012). Binge drinking trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood: The effects of peer social network. Subst Use Misuse, 47, 745-756.

Haslam, C., Best, D., Dingle, G.A.,…, Lubman, D. I. (2019). Social group membership before treatment for substance dependence predicts early identification and engagement with treatment communities. Addiction Research and Theory, January, DOI: 10.1080/16 066359.2018.

Havassy, B. E., Hall, S. M., & Wasserman, D. A. (1991). Social support and relapse: Commonalities among alcoholics, opiate users, and cigarette smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 16(5), 235–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(91)90016-B.

Hennessey, E. (2017). Recovery capital: A systematic review of the literature. Addiction Research and Theory, 25(3), 349-360. DOI: 1080/16 066359.2017.1297990.

Henneseey, E. (2017). A latent class exploration of adolescent recovery capital. Journal of Community Psychology, 1-15. DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21950.

Hennessy, E., Cristello, J. V., & Kelly, J. F. (2018). RCAM: A proposed model of recovery capital for adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, October, DOI: 10.1080/16 066359.2018.1540694

Hiller, S. P., Syvertsen, J. L., Lozada, R., & Ojeda, V. D. (2013). Social support and recovery among Mexican female sex workers who inject drugs. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 45(1), 44-54.

Hillios, J. (2013). The influence of social recovery capital and stress on the health and well-being of individuals recovering from addiction. PhD Disseration, Boston College School of Socila Work. http://dlib.bc.edu/islandora/object/bc-ir%3A101521/datastream/PDF/download/citation.pdf

Hughes, K. (2007). Migrating identities: the relational constitution of drug use and addiction. Sociology of Health & Illness, 29, 673-691.

Hwang, S. W., Gogosis, E., Chambers, C., Dunn, J. R., Hoch, J. S., & Aubry, T. (2011). Health status, quality of life, residential stability, substance use and health care utilization among adults applying to Supporting Housing Program. Journal of Urban Health, 88(6), 1076-1090.

Irving, L.M., Seidner, A.L., Burling, T.A….Robbins-Sisco, D. (1998). Hope and recovery from substance dependence in homeless veterans. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 17(4), 389-406.

Jacobson, J. O. (2006). Do drug treatment facilities increase clients’ exposure to potential neighborhood-level triggers for relapse? A small-area assessment of a large, public treatment system. Journal of Urban Health, 83(2), 150-161.

Johansen, A. B., Brendryen, H., Darnell, F. J., & Wennesland, D. K. (2013). Practical support aids addiction recovery: The positive identity model of change. BioMed Central Psychiatry, 13(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-13-201

Kaskutas, L. A., Bond, J. & Humphreys, K. (2002). Social networks as mediators of the effect of Alcoholics Anonymous. Addiction, 97(7), 891-900.

Kay, C. & Monaghan, M. (2018). Rethinking recovery and desistance processes: developing a social identity model of transition. Addiction Research and Theory, December, DOI: 10.1080/16 066359.2018.1539479.

Keane M. 2011. The role of education in developing recovery capital in recovery from substance addiction. Soilse Drug Rehabilitation Project, Dublin. Archived by WebCiteVR . Available from: http://www. webcitation.org/6UZxzeZpo

Kidorf, M., Brooner, R.K., Peirce, J., Gandrota, J., Leoutsakos, J-M. (2018). Mobilizing community support in people receiving opioid-agonist treatment: A group approach. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 93, 1-6. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.07.004

Kidorf, M. King, V. L., Neufeld, K. J. […] & Brooner, R.K. (2005). Involving significant others in the care of opioid-dependent patients receiving methadone. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 29(1), 19-27.

Kidorf, M., Latkin, C. & Brooner, R.K. (2016) Presence of drug-free family and friends in the personal social networks of people receiving treatment for opioid use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 70,87-92. doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.08.013.

Kimball, T., Shumway, S.T., Austin-Robillard, H. & Harris-Wilkes, K.S. (2016). Hoping and cioping in recovery: A phenomenology of emerging adults in a collegiate recovery program. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, December.

Krentzman, A. R. (2013). Review of the application of positive psychology to substance use, addiction, and recovery research. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 27(1), 151-165.

Kretzmann J. and McKnight J. (1993). Building communities from the inside out: A path toward finding and mobilising a community’s assets. Skokie, IL: ACTA Publications.

Kumar, P.C., Mcneely, J. & Latkin. C. (2016). “It’s not what you know but who you know”: Role of social capital in predicting risky injection drug use behavior in a sample of people who inject drugs in Baltimore City. Journal of Substance Use, 21(6), 620-626. doi: 10.3109/14 659891.2015.1122098.

Kuria, M. W. (2013). Factors associated with relapse and remission of alcohol dependent persons after community-based treatment. Open Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 264-272.

Latkin, C. A., Knowlton, A. R., Hoover, D., & Mandell. W. (1999). Drug network characteristics as a predictor of cessation of drug use among adult injection drug users: a prospective study. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 25(3), 463-473.

Laudet, A. (2011). The case for considering quality of life in addiction research and clinical practice. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 6(1), 44-55.

Laudet, A, Morgen, K., & White, W. (2006). The role of social supports, spirituality, religiousness, life meaning and affiliation with 12-step fellowships in quality of life satisfaction among individuals in recovery from alcohol and drug use. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 24(102), 33-73.

Laudet, A. B., & White, W. L. (2008). Recovery capital as prospective predictor of sustained recovery, life satisfaction and stress among former poly-substance users. Substance Use & Misuse, 43(1), 27-54. doi: 10.1080/10826080701681473

Laudet, A., & White, W. (2010). What are your priorities right now? Identifying service needs across recovery stages to inform service development. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 38(1), 51-59.

Lemieux, C. M. (2002). Social support among offenders with substance abuse problems: Overlooked and underused? Journal of Addictions & Offender Counseling, 23(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1874.2002.tb00169.x.

Leverentz A (2006) The love of a good man? Romantic relationships as a source of support or hindrance for female ex-offenders. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(4), 459–488.

Light, J. M., Jason, L. A., Stevens, E. B., Callahan, S., & Stone, A. (2016) A mathematical framework for the complex system approach to group dynamics: The case of recovery house social integration. Group Dynamics, 20, 51-64.

Lilly, R., Quirk, A. Rhodes, T., & Stimson, G. V. (2000). Sociality in methadone treatment: Understanding methadone treatment and service delivery as a social process. Drugs: Education Prevention and Policy, 7(2), 163-178. DOI: 10.1080/713660101

Lin, E. Y., Witten, K., Cassweel, S., & You, R. Q. (2012). Neighborhood matters: Perceptions of neighborhood cohesiveness and associations with alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use. Drug and Alcohol Review, 31(4), 402-412.

Litt M, Kadden R, Kabela-Cormier E, Petry N. (2007). Changing network support for drinking: initial findings from the network support project. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 75, 542–55.

Litt, M.D., Kadden, R.. M., Kabela-Cormier, E.., Petry, N. M. (2009). Changing network support for drinking: Network Support Project two-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 77, 229–42.

Litt M. D., Kadden R. M., Tennen H., Kabela-Cormier E. (2016). Network Support II: Randomized controlled trial of Network Support treatment and cognitive behavioral therapy for alcohol use disorder. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 165, 203–12.

Longabaugh R, Beattie MC, Noel N, Stout R, Malloy P. (1993). The effect of social investment on treatment outcome. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 54, 465–78.

Longabaugh, R., Wirtz, P. W., Zywiak, W. H., and O’Malley, S. S. (2010). Network support as a prognostic indicator of drinking outcomes: The COMBINE study, Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 71(6), 837.

Lyons, T., & Lurigio, A. J. (2010). The role of recovery capital in the community reentry of prisoners with substance use disorders. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 49(7), 445-455. doi: 10.1080/10 509674.2010.510769

Majer, J. M., Jason, L. A., Ferrari, J. R., Venable, L. B., & Olson, B. D. (2002). Social support and self-efficacy for abstinence: Is peer identification an issue? Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 23(3), 209–215.

Mawson, E., Best, D., Beckwith, M., Dingle, G. A., & Lubman, D. (2015). Social identity, social networks and recovery capital in emerging adulthood: A pilot study. Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy, 10(1), 45.

Mason, M. J., Malott, K., & Knoper, T. (2009). Urban adolescents’ reflections on brief substance use treatment, social networks, and self-narratives. Addiction Research & Theory, 17(5), 453–468.

Mason, M. J., Mennis, J., Linker, J., Bares, C., & Zaharakis, N. (2014). Peer attitudes effects on adolescent substance use: The moderating role of race and gender. Prevention Science, 15(1), 56–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0353-7

McCutcheon, V. V., Kramer, J., Edenberg, H.[…] & Bucholz, K. K. (2014). Social contexts of remission from DSM‐5 alcohol use disorder in a high‐risk sample. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38(7), 2015–2023.

McMahon, R. C. (2001). Personality, stress, and social support in cocaine relapse prediction. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(2), 77–87.

McPherson, C. (2017). Using the Assessment of Recovery Capital at an addiction treatment centre: A pilot study to validate utility. ARC Journal of Addiction, 2(2), 17-23.

Melick, M. V., Mccartney, D., & Best, D. (2013). Ongoing recovery support and peer networks: A preliminary investigation of recovery champions and their peers. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 8(3), 185-199. doi: 10.1080/1556035X.2013.785211

Mericle, A. (2014). The role of social networks in recovery from alcohol and drug abuse. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 40(3), 179-180.

Miller-Tutzauer, C., Leonard, K. E., & Windle, M. (1991) Marriage and alcohol use: a longitudinal study of “maturing out.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 52, 434–440.

Moos, R. H. (2007). Theory-based processes that promote remission of substance use disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(5), 537-51.

Nandi, A., Glass, T. A., Cole, S. R., Chu, H., Galea, S., Celentano, D. C., . . . Mehta, S. H. (2010). Neighborhood poverty and injection cessation in a sample of injection drug users. American Journal of Epidemiology, 171(4), 391-398.

Nash, A., Collier, C., Engebretson, J. & Cron, S. (2019). Testing the feasibility of measuring recovery in adolescent participants of an alternative peer group: Lessons learned and next steps. Journal of Adolescent Research, January, DOI: 10.1177/0743558418822332

Neale, J., & Stevenson, C. (2015). Research paper: Social and recovery capital amongst homeless hostel residents who use drugs and alcohol. International Journal of Drug Policy, 26(5), 475-483. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2014.09.012

Nikmanesh, Z. & Honakzehi, F. (2016). Examining perceived social support, positive affection, and spirituality, as resilience factors, among boys of drug-dependent fathers. Shiraz E Medical Journal, December.

O’Sullivan, D., Xiao, Y., & Watts, J. (2017). Recovery capital and quality of life in stable recovery from addiction. Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin. September. DOI: 10.1177/00343 5521773095. https://doi.org/10.1177/003435 5217730395

Owens, M. D., & McCrady, B. S. (2014). The role of the social environment in alcohol or drug relapse of probationers recently released from jail. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 13(4), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADT.000000 0000000039.

Panebianco, D., Gallupe, O., Carrington, P.J. & Colozzi, I. (2015). Personal support networks, social capital, and risk of relapse among individuals treated for substance use issues. The International Journal on Drug Policy, 27,146-53. doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2015.09.009.

Parkin, S. (2015). Salutogenesis: contextualising place and space in the policies and politics of recovery from drug dependence (UK). International Journal of Drug Policy, 33, 21–26.

Penick, E. C, Knop, J., Nickel, E. J., Jensen, P., Manzardo, A. M., Lykke-Mortensen, E., & Gabrielli, W. F. (2010). Do premorbid predictors of alcohol dependence also predict the failure to recover from alcoholism? Journal of Studies of Alcohol & Drugs, 71(5), 685-694.

Pesetski, C.A. (2015). An exploratory case study of undergraduate students in recovery: an application of recovery capital during reentry [dissertation]. North Carolina State University.

Pettus-Davis, C., Howard, M. O., Roberts-Lewis, A., & Scheyett, A. M. (2011). Naturally occurring social support in interventions for former prisoners with substance use disorders: Conceptual framework and program model. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(6), 479–488. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.09.002.

Reboussin, B. A., Green, K. M., Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, D. M., Johnson, R. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2015). The role of neighborhood in urban black adolescent marijuana use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 154, 69-75.

Rettie, H., Hogan, L. M., & Cox,W. M. (2018). The recovery strengths questionnaire for alcohol and drug use disorders. Drug and Alcohol Review, October, DOI: 10.1111/dar.12870

Robertson, I. E. & Nesvåg, S.M. (2018). Into the unknown: Treatment as a social arena for drug users’ transition into a non-using life. Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift, September, DOI: 10.1177/145507 2518796898

Rumpf, H. J., Bischof, G., Hapke, U., Meyer, C., & John, U. (2002). The role of family and partnership in recovery from alcohol dependence: comparison of individuals remitting with and without formal help. European Addiction Research, 8(3), 122-127.

Savic, M., Best, D., Rodda, S. & Lubman, D.I. (2013). Exploring the focus and experience of smartphone applications for addiction recovery. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 32, 310-319.

Shulte, M.T., Liang, D., Wu, F., & Hser, Y-I. (2016). A smartphone application supporting recovery from heroin addiction: Perspectives of patients and providers in China, Taiwan, and the USA. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 11(3). DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9653-1

Shumway, S.T., Dakin, J.B., Jordan, S.S….& Harris, K. (2014). The development of the hope and coping in recovery measure (HCRM). Journal of Groups in Addiction and Recovery, December.

Skårner, A. & Gerdner, A. (2018). Conceptual and theoretical framework of the MAP-NET: a social networks analysis tool. Cogent Psychology, 5(1). DOI: 10.1080/23 311908.2018.1488515

Skeem, J., Louden, J. E., Manchak, S., Vidal, S., & Haddad, E. (2009). Social networks and social control of probationers with co-occurring mental and substance abuse problems. Law and Human Behavior, 33(2), 122–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10979-008-9140-1.

Skogens, L., & von Greiff, N. (2014). Recovery capital in the process of change—differences and similarities between groups of clients treated for alcohol or drug problems. European Journal of Social Work, 17(1), 58-73.

Smith, J.A., Franklin, S., Asikis, C., et al. (2018). Social support and gender as correlates of relapse risk in collegiate recovery programs. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 36(3), 354-365. DOI: 10.1080/07 347324.2018.1437372.

Spohr, S. A., Livingston, M. D., Taxman, F. S. & Walters, S. T. (2019). What’s the influence of social interaction on substance use and treatment initiation? A prospective analysis among substance-using probationers. Addictive Behaviors, 89, 143-150.

Sterling, R., Slusher, C., & Weinstein, S. (2008). Measuring recovery capital and determining its relationship to outcomes in an alcohol-dependent sample. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 34(5), 603-610.

Stevens, E.B., Jason, L.A., Ferrari, J.R. & Hunter, B.A. (2010). Self-efficacy and sense of community among adults recovering from substance abuse. North American Journal of Psychology, 12(2), 255–264.

Stevens, E., Jason, L. A, Ram, D., & Light, J. (2015). Investigating social support and network relationships in substance use disorder recovery. Substance Abuse, 36, 396–399.doi:10.1080/08 897077.2014.965870

Stone, A., Jason, L., Light, J., & Stevens, E. (2016). The role of ego networks in studies of substance use disorder recovery. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 34(3), 315-328.

Stout, R. L., Kelly, J. F., Magill, M., & Pagano, M. E. (2012) Association between social influences and drinking outcomes across three years. Journal of Studies on Alcohol & Drugs, 73, 489–497.

Sung, H. E. & Richter, L. (2006). Contextual barriers to successful reentry of recovering drug offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 31(4), 365–374.

Terrion, J. L. (2013). The experience of post-secondary education for students in recovery from addiction to drugs or alcohol: Relationships and recovery capital. J Social Personal Relationships,30,3–23.

Tew, J. (2013). Recovery capital: what enables a sustainable recovery from mental health difficulties? European Journal of Social Work, 16(3), 360-374.

Tew, J., Ramon, S., Slade, M., Bird, V., Melton, J., & Le Boutillier, C. (2012). Social factors and recovery from mental health difficulties: A review of the evidence. British Journal of Social Work, 42(3), 443-460.

Tracy, S. W., Kelly, J. F., & Moos, R. H. (2005). The influence of partner status, relationship quality and relationship stability on outcomes following intensive substance-use disorder treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(4), 497–505.

Tucker, J.A., Vuchinich, R. & Pukish, M.M. (1995). Molar environmental contexts surrounding recovery from alcohol problems by treated and untreated problem drinkers. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 3(2), 195-204.

Van Audenhove, S. & Laenen, F. V. (2015). Future expectations of young people leaving youth care in Flanders: the role of personal and social capital in coping with expected challenges. Child & Family Social Work, 22(1), 256-265.

van Melick, M., McCartney, D., & Best, D.. (2013). Ongoing recovery support and peer networks: a preliminary investigation of recovery champions and their peers. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery. 8,85–99.

Vilsaint, C.L., Kelly, J.F., Bergman, B.G., Groshkova, T., Best, D., & White, W.L. (2017). Development and validation of a brief assessment of recovery capital (BARC-10) for alcohol and drug use disorder. Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 177 (1), 71-76.

Warren, J. I., Stein, J. A., & Grella, C. E. (2007). Role of social support and self-efficacy in treatment outcomes among clients with co-occurring disorders. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 89(23), 267–274.

Wasserman, D. A ., Stewart, A. L., & Delucchi, K. L. (2002). Social support and abstinence from opiates and cocaine during opioid maintenance treatment. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 65(1):65-75.

Weisner, C., Delucchi, K., Matzger, H., & Schmidt, L. (2003). The role of community services and informal support on five-year drinking trajectories of alcohol dependent and problem drinkers. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64(6), 862-873.

Weston, S., Honor, S., & Best, D. (2017). A tale of two towns: A comparative study exploring the possibilities and pitfalls of social capital among people seeking recovery from substance misuse. Substance Use & Misuse, 53(3), 1-11.

White, W. (2010). Recovery is contagious. Keynote lecture at the NorthEast Treatment Centers (NET) Consumer Council Recognition Dinner, April 14, 2010, Philadelphia, PA.

White, W. L., & Cloud, W. (2008). Recovery capital: A primer for addictions professionals. Counselor, 9(5), 22-27.

Whiteford, M., Haydock, W., & Cleave, N. (2016). Two buses and a short walk: the place of geography in recovery. Drugs Alcohol Today [Internet]. 16,72–83.

Williams, A. (1999). Therapeutic landscapes: the dynamic between place and wellness, introduction. Lanham: University Press of America.

Wilton R. and DeVerteuil, G. (2006). Spaces of sobriety/sites of power: Examining social model alcohol recovery programs as therapeutic landscapes. Social Science and Medicine 63, 649-661.

Wolff, N., & Draine, J. (2004). Dynamics of social capital of prisoners and community reentry: Ties that bind? Journal of Correctional Health Care, 10(3), 457–490.

Wright, E., McGuinness, T., Schumacher, J., Zwerling, A., & Moneyham, L. (2014). Protective factors against relapse for practicing nurse anesthetists in recovery from anesthetic opiate dependency. Journal of Addictions Nursing, 25(2), 66-73.

Yang, C., Xia, M. Liang, H., & Ying, L. (2018). Social support and resilience as mediators between stress and life satisfaction among people with substance use disorder in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, October. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00436

Yates, R. (2013). In it for the long haul: developing recovery capital for long-term recovery sustainment. Journal of Substance Use, 18(5), 339.

Zoorob, M.J. & Salemi, J. L. (2017). Bowling alone, dying together: The role of social capital in mitigating the drug overdose epidemic in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.12.011

Zschau, T., Collins, C., Lee, H., & Hatch, D.L.. (2016). The hidden challenge: limited recovery capital of drug court participants’ support networks. Journal of Applied Social Science, 10:1–22.

Zywiak, W.H., Longabaugh, R., & Wirtz, P. W. (2002) Decomposing the relationships between pretreatment social network characteristics and alcohol treatment outcome. J Stud Alcohol, 63, 114-121.

Zywiak, W. H., Neighbors, C. J., Martin, R. A., […] & Rohsenow, D. J. (2008). The important people drug and alcohol interview: Psychometric properties, predictive validity, and implications for treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 36, 321-330.

Tag: Addiction

What is Recovery Capital?

The Science of Recovery Capital

Further publications pertaining to Recovery Capital may be found here:

Recovery Capital Bibliography

Drugs: Breaking the Cycle